Shipping is the backbone of global trade, transporting over 80% of goods worldwide. However, this essential industry is also a significant contributor to environmental degradation, particularly in the context of climate change.

The Environmental Impact of Shipping

The shipping industry is responsible for approximately 3% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, a figure that surpasses that of many individual countries. In Canada alone, marine shipping emitted 8 million tonnes of CO₂ in 2019 . These emissions primarily stem from the use of heavy fuel oil (HFO), a byproduct of crude oil refining, which is both carbon-intensive and polluting.

Beyond CO₂, ships emit sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and black carbon (soot), all of which contribute to smog, acid rain, and the erosion of the ozone layer. Black carbon, in particular, has a warming effect on the Arctic, accelerating ice melt and threatening ecosystems .

Regulatory Shortcomings

International regulations, notably those set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), have been criticized for their lack of ambition. The IMO's target to reduce GHG emissions from shipping by at least 50% by 2050, compared to 2008 levels, is insufficient to meet the global climate goals of limiting warming to 1.5°C . Moreover, the IMO's regulations are non-binding, leading to inconsistent enforcement and limited progress.

In Canada, while there is a federal carbon pollution pricing system under the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, it applies only to marine fuels used in domestic voyages. Provinces and territories have the discretion to include or exclude the shipping industry from this system, resulting in a patchwork of regulations and loopholes.

Public Awareness and Willingness to Pay

Despite the industry's environmental impact, there is a growing public awareness and willingness to support sustainable shipping practices. A survey conducted by Clear Seas and the Angus Reid Institute found that 64% of Canadians are willing to pay a premium on imported goods to offset the carbon emissions associated with shipping . This indicates a strong public mandate for cleaner shipping options.

Pathways to Decarbonization

Transitioning to a low-carbon shipping industry requires a multifaceted approach:

• Alternative Fuels: Developing and adopting cleaner fuels, such as hydrogen, ammonia, and biofuels, can significantly reduce emissions. However, the infrastructure for these fuels is currently limited.

• Energy Efficiency: Implementing measures like slow steaming, where ships operate at reduced speeds to consume less fuel, can lower emissions.

• Electrification: For short-distance shipping, electrifying vessels using battery power or shore-side electricity can eliminate emissions entirely.

• Carbon Pricing: Implementing robust carbon pricing mechanisms can incentivize the adoption of cleaner technologies and fuels.

While shipping remains a cornerstone of global trade, its environmental impact cannot be overlooked. Addressing the industry's contribution to climate change requires comprehensive regulatory frameworks, investment in alternative technologies, and public support for sustainable practices. Only through concerted efforts at the international, national, and local levels can the shipping industry transition to a more sustainable and climate-friendly future.